Every ingredient in the element3 protocol earns its place. We choose well-researched, bioavailable forms, selected to support the everyday needs of women 35+. We believe in transparency, because understanding what's in your supplement, and why, is the first step to feeling good about taking it.
Explore the 29 active ingredients that earned their place in the element3 protocol. Each one is chosen for its role in women's everyday wellbeing, standardised for consistency, and selected in the form the body absorbs well.
NMN (Beta-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) is a naturally occurring nucleotide fo...
Backed by 4 research articles
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PQQ is found in trace amounts in foods like kiwifruit and parsley, and is inv...
Backed by 6 research articles
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Enzogenol® is a standardised pine bark extract from New Zealand radiata pine,...
Backed by 2 research articles
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Trans-Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in red grape skins and berries, best ...
Backed by 2 research articles
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Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb from the root of Withania somnifera, tradi...
Backed by 11 research articles
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Hops extract is derived from the female flower cones of Humulus lupulus, the ...
Backed by 4 research articles
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L-theanine is a non-protein amino acid found almost exclusively in the Camell...
Backed by 2 research articles
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Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a perennial herb from the mint family fou...
Backed by 3 research articles
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Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is a flowering vine used traditionally f...
Backed by 2 research articles
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Valerian root (Valeriana officinalis) is a perennial flowering plant whose ro...
Backed by 4 research articles
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Aquamin™ Calcium is a marine-derived mineral complex harvested from red algae...
Backed by 1 research article
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Iron is an essential trace mineral found in red meat, legumes, and dark leafy...
Backed by 1 research article
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Magnesium citrate is a well-absorbed organic salt of magnesium bound to citri...
Backed by 1 research article
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Selenium is an essential trace mineral found in Brazil nuts, seafood, and who...
Backed by 1 research article
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Zinc amino acid chelate is a highly bioavailable form of zinc bound to amino ...
Backed by 2 research articles
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Vitamin A is a fat-soluble essential vitamin found in liver, dairy, and orang...
Backed by 2 research articles
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Vitamin B1 (thiamine hydrochloride) is a water-soluble B vitamin found in who...
Backed by 1 research article
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Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble essential vitamin found in animal products inc...
Backed by 1 research article
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Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a water-soluble B vitamin found in dairy, eggs, an...
Backed by 1 research article
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Vitamin B3 (niacinamide) is a water-soluble B vitamin found in poultry, tuna,...
Backed by 3 research articles
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Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is a water-soluble B vitamin found in avocado, ...
Backed by 3 research articles
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Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble B vitamin found in poultry, bananas, and chickp...
Backed by 2 research articles
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Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin found in eggs, nuts, and sweet potatoes t...
Backed by 1 research article
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L-Methylfolate Calcium is the biologically active form of folate, a water-sol...
Backed by 1 research article
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Vitamin C is a water-soluble essential vitamin found in citrus fruits, capsic...
Backed by 1 research article
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Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is a fat-soluble secosteroid hormone precursor s...
Backed by 3 research articles
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Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant found in almonds, sunflower seeds, and...
Backed by 1 research article
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Vitamin K2 MK-7 (menaquinone-7) is a fat-soluble vitamin found in natto (ferm...
Backed by 2 research articles
Learn more →Rather than working one concern at a time, element3 supports the everyday systems behind how you feel — energy, focus, gut health, mood and immunity to see you through the day, and calm, hormone support and restful sleep at night.
Supports cellular energy production and helps maintain a healthy metabolism.
Provides daily prebiotic fibre and postbiotics to support digestive health and maintain a healthy microbiome.
Promotes deep restorative sleep and supports the body's natural overnight cellular recovery.
Formulated with powerful antioxidants to support general health.
Contains active B-vitamins that support normal nervous system function, plus antioxidants and PQQ for general wellbeing. Ashwagandha, L-theanine and lemon balm to support a calm, balanced mood in the evening.
Supports a healthy immune system function and maintains the body's natural defences.
Supports the brain's natural GABA pathways to help quiet an overactive mind, promote mental tranquillity, and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep.
Supports healthy cognitive function, mental focus, and nervous system health.
Supports healthy endocrine function and helps to maintain optimal cellular and hormonal balance during the rest cycle.
Formulated to support the HPA-AXIS to help modulate the body's natural stress response and encourages evening physical and mental relaxation.
Bio-optimised nutrition requires the right dose at the right time. By mapping each active ingredient and its specific quantity against established RDIs and targeted outcomes, you can see exactly how the element3 protocol builds your daily foundation. No fillers, no pixie-dusting — just precise, functional nutrition.
Each bar shows % of recommended daily intake
| Ingredient | element3 Dose | RDI / Reg. Max | % of RDI | Est. Typical Diet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calming botanicals & amino acids | ||||
| Enzogenol® Pine (Pinus Radiata) Bark Extract | 60 mg | 20–450 mg/day | 30% | ~0 |
| Minerals | ||||
| Calcium (as Aquamin™ Calcium, Marine Algae Lithothamnion sp.) | 200 mg | 1,000 mg/day | 20% | ~700–850 mg ↓ |
| Iron (as Ferrous Fumarate) | 9 mg | 18 mg/day | 50% | ~9–10 mg ↓ |
| Selenium (as Selenomethionine) | 60 µg | 60 µg/day | 100% | ~55–65 µg |
| Vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin A (as Retinol Acetate) | 700 µg | 0.7 mg/day | 100% | ~0.6–0.75 mg |
| Vitamin B1 (as Thiamine Hydrochloride) | 1.1 mg | 1.1 mg/day | 100% | ~1.1–1.4 mg |
| Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) | 2.4 µg | 2.4 µg/day | 100% | ~3–4 µg |
| Vitamin B2 (as Riboflavin) | 1.1 mg | 1.1 mg/day | 100% | ~1.2–1.5 mg |
| Vitamin B3 (as Niacinamide) | 14 mg | 14 mg NE/day | 100% | ~20–25 mg |
| Vitamin B5 (as D-Calcium Pantothenate) | 4 mg | 4 mg AI/day | 100% | ~4–6 mg |
| Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) | 1.5 mg | 1.3 mg/day | 100% | ~1.0–1.2 mg ↓ |
| D-Biotin | 25 µg | 25 µg AI/day | 100% | ~25–35 µg |
| Folate (as L-Methylfolate Calcium) | 400 µg | 400 µg DFE/day | 100% | ~280–350 µg ↓ |
| Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) | 45 mg | 45 mg/day | 100% | ~80–120 mg |
| Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol) | 10 µg | 10 µg AI/day | 100% | ~3 µg ↓ |
| Vitamin E (as D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) | 7 mg | 7 mg α-TE/day | 100% | ~6–7 mg |
| Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone MK-7) | 60 µg | 60 µg AI/day | 100% | ~5–15 µg ↓ |
| Nutraceuticals | ||||
| NMN (β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | 250 mg | 250–500 mg/day | 50% | ~0 mg |
| PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium) | 20 mg | 20–22 mg/day | 100% | ~0.1–0.3 mg ↓ |
| Trans-Resveratrol | 75 mg | 75–1,000 mg/day | 10% | ~2–8 mg ↓ |
| Probiotics & Prebiotics | ||||
| Sunfiber® Prebiotic Guar Gum Fibre | 3000 mg | 5,000–21,000 mg | 25% | ~2,000–5,000 mg |
| Ingredient | element3 Dose | RDI / Reg. Max | % of RDI | Est. Typical Diet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calming botanicals & amino acids | ||||
| Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | 125 mg | 125–250 mg/day | 50% | ~0 |
| Hops (Humulus lupulus) Extract | 20 mg | 60–500 mg DHE | 40% | ~0 |
| Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) Extract | 225 mg | 300–900 mg DHE | 50% | ~0 |
| Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) Extract | 6.3 mg | 250–2,000 mg DHE | 10% | ~0 |
| Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root Extract | 160 mg | 300–600 mg DHE | 30% | ~0 |
| Minerals | ||||
| Magnesium (as Magnesium Citrate) | 80 mg | 320 mg/day | 25% | ~200–250 mg ↓ |
| Zinc (as Amino Acid Chelate) | 8 mg | 8 mg/day | 100% | ~7–9 mg |
| Nutraceuticals | ||||
| L-Theanine | 200 mg | 100–400 mg/day | 50% | ~20–50 mg ↓ |
Every ingredient in the element3 protocol was selected on the strength of peer-reviewed research. Browse the full library of clinical studies, mechanistic papers, and meta-analyses that informed each formulation choice.
| Study | Citation | Active Ingredient | Key Finding | Read |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men | Igarashi, M., Nakagawa-Nagahama, Y., Miura, M., Kashiwabara, K., Yaku, K., Sawada, M., Sekine, R., Fukamizu, Y., Sato, T., Sakurai, T., Sato, J., Ino, K., Kubota, N., Nakagawa, T., Kadowaki, T., & Yamauchi, T. (2022). Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging, 8(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-022-00084-z | NMN (β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | 12 weeks of NMN significantly increased whole-blood NAD+ and improved measures of muscular function (gait, grip) in healthy older men. | Read → |
| Clinical evaluation of changes in biomarkers by oral intake of NMN | Morita, Y., Izawa, H., Hirano, A., Mayumi, E., & Iwakawa, S. (2022). Clinical evaluation of changes in biomarkers by oral intake of NMN. Glycative Stress Research, 9(2), 33–41. | NMN (β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | Eight weeks of oral NMN modulated biomarkers of NAD+ metabolism and oxidative stress in healthy adults. | Read → |
| The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial | Yi, L., Maier, A. B., Tao, R., Lin, Z., Vaidya, A., Pendse, S., Thasma, S., Andhalkar, N., Avhad, G., & Kumbhar, V. (2023). The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience, 45(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-022-00705-1 | NMN (β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | 60 days of NMN dose-dependently raised blood NAD+ and improved performance on a six-minute walk test and SF-36 physical scores in healthy middle-aged adults. | Read → |
| The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update | Song, Q., Zhou, X., Xu, K., Liu, S., Zhu, X., & Yang, J. (2023). The safety and antiaging effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide in human clinical trials: An update. Advances in Nutrition, 14(6), 1416–1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.008 | NMN (β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | Updated systematic review of human NMN trials reporting consistent increases in NAD+ and benefits across aerobic capacity, sleep and cardiometabolic markers. | Read → |
| Effect of Dietary Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt on Cognitive Function in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study | Shiojima, Y., Takahashi, M., Takahashi, R., Moriyama, H., Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., & Akanuma, M. (2022). Effect of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt on cognitive function in healthy volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 41(8), 796–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2021.1962770 | PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium) | 12 weeks of PQQ supplementation significantly improved composite cognitive performance scores compared with placebo in healthy adults. | Read → |
| Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt Intake on the Serum Cholesterol Levels of Healthy Japanese Adults | Nakano, M., Kawasaki, Y., Suzuki, N., & Takara, T. (2015). Effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt intake on the serum cholesterol levels of healthy Japanese adults. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 61(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.61.233 | PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium) | PQQ supplementation produced reductions in LDL cholesterol in healthy Japanese adults relative to placebo. | Read → |
| The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt on brain function and physiological processes | Ikemoto, K., Mohamad Ishak, N. S., & Akagawa, M. (2024). The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt on brain function and physiological processes. Journal of Medical Investigation, 71(1.2), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.71.23 | PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium) | Review of mechanistic and clinical evidence describing PQQ's effects on mitochondrial biogenesis, sleep quality and cognition. | Read → |
| Effects of Oral Supplementation with Pyrroloquinoline Quinone on Stress, Fatigue, and Sleep | Nakano, M., Yamamoto, T., Okamura, H., Tsuda, A., & Kowatari, Y. (2012). Effects of oral supplementation with pyrroloquinoline quinone on stress, fatigue, and sleep. Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 2(8), 307–324. | PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium) | Eight weeks of PQQ improved scores for sleep quality, fatigue and tension/depression on validated mood instruments. | Read → |
| Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Supplementation on Aerobic Exercise Performance and Indices of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Untrained Men | Hwang, P. S., Machek, S. B., Cardaci, T. D., Wilburn, D. T., Kim, C. S., Suezaki, E. S., & Willoughby, D. S. (2020). Effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) supplementation on aerobic exercise performance and indices of mitochondrial biogenesis in untrained men. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 39(6), 547–556. | PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium) | PQQ supplementation produced trends toward improved aerobic performance and increases in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in untrained men. | Read → |
| Recent progress in studies on the health benefits of pyrroloquinoline quinone | Akagawa, M., Nakano, M., & Ikemoto, K. (2016). Recent progress in studies on the health benefits of pyrroloquinoline quinone. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 80(1), 13–22. | PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium) | Review of mechanistic and clinical research on PQQ as a vitamin-like accessory factor with antioxidant and mitochondrial effects. | Read → |
| Improved cognitive performance after dietary supplementation with a Pinus radiata bark extract Formulation | Pipingas, A., Silberstein, R. B., Vitetta, L., Rooy, C. V., Harris, E. V., Young, J. M., Frampton, C. M., Sali, A., & Nastasi, J. (2008). Improved cognitive performance after dietary supplementation with a Pinus radiata bark extract formulation. Phytotherapy Research, 22(9), 1168–1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2388 | Enzogenol® Pine (Pinus Radiata) Bark Extract | Five weeks of Enzogenol® supplementation significantly improved spatial working memory and reaction time in middle-aged adults compared with placebo. | Read → |
| Article Effects of flavonoid extract Enzogenol((R)) with vitamin C on protein oxidation and DNA damage in older human subjects | Senthilmohan, S. T., Zhang, J., & Stanley, R. A. (2003). Effects of flavonoid extract Enzogenol with vitamin C on protein oxidation and DNA damage in older human subjects. Nutrition Research, 23(9), 1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(03)00126-3 | Enzogenol® Pine (Pinus Radiata) Bark Extract | Enzogenol with vitamin C significantly reduced markers of protein and DNA oxidative damage in older adults relative to placebo. | Read → |
| Long-term effects of resveratrol on cognition, cerebrovascular function and cardio-metabolic markers in postmenopausal women: A 24-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. | Thaung Zaw JJ, Howe PRC, Wong RHX. Long-term effects of resveratrol on cognition, cerebrovascular function and cardio-metabolic markers in postmenopausal women: A 24-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Clinical Nutrition. 2021;40(3):820–829. | Trans-Resveratrol | A 24-month randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 125 postmenopausal women aged 45–85 took 75 mg trans-resveratrol or placebo twice daily for 12 months before crossing over to the alternative treatment for a further 12 months, with cognition as the primary outcome. The trial was built on a clear menopause-relevant rationale: ageing and menopause contribute to endothelial dysfunction and impaired cerebral perfusion, which is associated with accelerated cognitive decline, and a low dose of resveratrol — a phytoestrogen that enhances endothelial function — had improved cerebrovascular and cognitive function in an earlier 14-week pilot. Versus placebo, resveratrol significantly increased overall cognitive performance by 33%, and on age sub-analysis the verbal memory benefit was concentrated in women older than 65. This is your strongest anchor for a cognition / brain-ageing claim in the 35+ cohort. | Read → |
| Regular Supplementation With Resveratrol Improves Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial | Wong RHX, Thaung Zaw JJ, Xian CJ, Howe PRC. Regular Supplementation With Resveratrol Improves Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2020;35(11):2121–2131. | Trans-Resveratrol | This is the same 24-month RESHAW trial, reporting bone outcomes. The trial evaluated resveratrol at 75 mg twice daily against placebo in postmenopausal women, measuring bone health and biomarkers of bone metabolism. The mechanistic basis ties directly to oestrogen loss at menopause: resveratrol is a phytoestrogen that improves systemic and cerebral circulatory function, possibly via activation of endothelial estrogen receptors, and preclinical work — particularly ovariectomised rat models mimicking postmenopausal, oestrogen-deficiency osteoporosis — indicates a bone-protective role. The researchers hypothesised a circulatory benefit of resveratrol in bone tissue and tested whether supplementation could improve bone health in postmenopausal women. Use this one to support a bone-density / skeletal-ageing angle. | Read → |
| Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Cheah, K. L., Norhayati, M. N., Husniati Yaacob, L., & Abdul Rahman, R. (2021). Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(9), e0257843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257843 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | Meta-analysis of five RCTs showed ashwagandha significantly improved overall sleep quality, sleep onset latency and sleep efficiency vs placebo. | Read → |
| Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) Root Extract in Improving Memory and Cognitive Functions | Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Bose, S. (2017). Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 14(6), 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2017.1284970 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | Eight weeks of ashwagandha significantly improved memory, executive function and attention vs placebo in adults with mild cognitive impairment. | Read → |
| A Prospective, Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Safety and Efficacy of a High-Concentration Full-Spectrum Extract of Ashwagandha Root in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Adults | Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.106022 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | 60 days of ashwagandha significantly reduced perceived stress, serum cortisol and anxiety scores vs placebo. | Read → |
| A Standardized Withania Somnifera Extract Significantly Reduces Stress-Related Parameters in Chronically Stressed Humans: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study | Auddy, B., Hazra, J., Mitra, A., Abedon, B., & Ghosal, S. (2008). A standardized Withania somnifera extract significantly reduces stress-related parameters in chronically stressed humans: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association, 11(1), 50–56. | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | Standardised Sensoril® reduced biochemical and psychological stress markers (cortisol, CRP, fatigue) in chronically stressed adults. | Read → |
| An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study | Lopresti, A. L., Smith, S. J., Malvi, H., & Kodgule, R. (2019). An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine, 98(37), e17186. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017186 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | 60 days of ashwagandha significantly reduced morning cortisol, DHEA-S and Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores in adults with self-reported high stress. | Read → |
| Adaptogenic and Anxiolytic Effects of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study | Salve, J., Pate, S., Debnath, K., & Langade, D. (2019). Adaptogenic and anxiolytic effects of ashwagandha root extract in healthy adults: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Cureus, 11(12), e6466. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6466 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | Eight weeks of ashwagandha significantly reduced perceived stress and morning cortisol vs placebo in healthy adults. | Read → |
| Effect of standardized aqueous extract of Withania somnifera on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance in healthy human participants | Pingali, U., Pilli, R., & Fatima, N. (2014). Effect of standardized aqueous extract of Withania somnifera on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance in healthy human participants. Pharmacognosy Research, 6(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.122912 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | Acute and 14-day ashwagandha significantly improved reaction time and psychomotor performance in healthy adults. | Read → |
| Does Ashwagandha supplementation have a beneficial effect on the management of anxiety and stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Akhgarjand, C., Asoudeh, F., Bagheri, A., Kalantar, Z., Vahabi, Z., Shab-Bidar, S., Rezvani, H., & Djafarian, K. (2022). Does Ashwagandha supplementation have a beneficial effect on the management of anxiety and stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytotherapy Research, 36(11), 4115–4124. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7598 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | Meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found ashwagandha significantly reduced anxiety and stress scores compared with placebo. | Read → |
| Clinical evaluation of the pharmacological impact of ashwagandha root extract on sleep in healthy volunteers and insomnia patients: A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study | Langade, D., Thakare, V., Kanchi, S., & Kelgane, S. (2021). Clinical evaluation of the pharmacological impact of ashwagandha root extract on sleep in healthy volunteers and insomnia patients: A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 264, 113276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113276 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | 10 weeks of ashwagandha significantly improved actigraphy-measured sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency and total sleep time vs placebo. | Read → |
| Effects of Withania somnifera extract in chronically stressed adults: A randomized controlled trial. | Pandit, S., Srivastav, A. K., Sur, T. K., Chaudhuri, S., Wang, Y., & Biswas, T. K. (2024). Effects of Withania somnifera extract in chronically stressed adults: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 16(9), 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091293 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | Daily ashwagandha extract reduced perceived stress, anxiety, fatigue and serum cortisol in chronically stressed adults vs placebo. | Read → |
| Safety and Efficacy of Ashwagandha Root Extract on Cognition, Energy and Mood Problems in Adults: Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study | Kale, S., Lopresti, A., Suri, R., Garg, N., & Langade, D. (2024). Safety and efficacy of ashwagandha root extract on cognition, energy and mood problems in adults: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2424279 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract (Sensoril®) | Daily ashwagandha significantly improved self-reported cognition, energy and mood compared with placebo over the trial period. | Read → |
| A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts | Heyerick, A., Vervarcke, S., Depypere, H., Bracke, M., & De Keukeleire, D. (2006). A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Maturitas, 54(2), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.10.005 | Hops (Humulus lupulus) Extract | Standardised hop extract significantly reduced the Kupperman menopause index and hot-flash frequency vs placebo. | Read → |
| Effect of a fixed valerian-Hop extract combination (Ze 91019) on sleep polygraphy in patients with non-organic insomnia: a pilot study | Füssel, A., Wolf, A., & Brattström, A. (2000). Effect of a fixed valerian-Hop extract combination (Ze 91019) on sleep polygraphy in patients with non-organic insomnia: A pilot study. European Journal of Medical Research, 5(9), 385–390. | Hops (Humulus lupulus) Extract | Valerian–hop combination significantly improved polysomnographic sleep efficiency and slow-wave sleep in adults with non-organic insomnia. | Read → |
| Effect of a hop extract standardized in 8-prenylnaringenin on bone health and gut microbiome in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: A one-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | Lecomte, M., Tomassi, D., Rizzoli, R., Tenon, M., Berton, T., Harney, S., & Fança-Berthon, P. (2023). Effect of a hop extract standardized in 8-prenylnaringenin on bone health and gut microbiome in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: A one-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients, 15(12), 2688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122688 | Hops (Humulus lupulus) Extract | 12 months of standardised hop extract attenuated bone loss markers and beneficially modulated the gut microbiome in postmenopausal women. | Read → |
| The effect of Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) on early menopausal symptoms and hot flashes: A randomized placebo-controlled trial | Aghamiri, V., Mirghafourvand, M., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S., & Nazemiyeh, H. (2016). The effect of Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) on early menopausal symptoms and hot flashes: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 23, 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.05.001 | Hops (Humulus lupulus) Extract | Hop extract significantly reduced hot-flash frequency and early menopausal symptom scores vs placebo. | Read → |
| Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Hidese S, Ogawa S, Ota M, Ishida I, Yasukawa Z, Ozeki M, Kunugi H. Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2362. doi:10.3390/nu11102362. PMID: 31623400. PMCID: PMC6836118. | L-Theanine | This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial testing four weeks of L-theanine (200 mg/day) against placebo in 30 healthy adults (9 men, 21 women; mean age 48.3 ± 11.9 years) with no major psychiatric illness. On stress-related measures, Self-rating Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-trait, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores all fell after L-theanine (p = 0.019, 0.006, and 0.013 respectively), and the PSQI subscales for sleep latency, sleep disturbance, and use of sleep medication improved relative to placebo (all p < 0.05). On cognition, verbal fluency and executive function scores improved after L-theanine (p = 0.001 and 0.031); stratified analysis showed the verbal fluency gain, particularly letter fluency, was concentrated in participants in the lower half of baseline scores (p = 0.002). The authors concluded L-theanine has potential to promote mental health in the general population with stress-related ailments and cognitive impairments. | Read → |
| The Effects of Green Tea Amino Acid L-Theanine Consumption on the Ability to Manage Stress and Anxiety Levels: a Systematic Review | Williams, J. L., Everett, J. M., D'Cunha, N. M., Sergi, D., Georgousopoulou, E. N., Keegan, R. J., McKune, A. J., Mellor, D. D., Anstice, N., & Naumovski, N. (2020). The effects of green tea amino acid L-theanine consumption on the ability to manage stress and anxiety levels: A systematic review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 75(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-019-00771-5 | L-Theanine | Systematic review of clinical trials concluded L-theanine generally reduces self-reported stress and anxiety in adults. | Read → |
| Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances | Cases, J., Ibarra, A., Feuillère, N., Roller, M., & Sukkar, S. G. (2011). Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 4(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-010-0045-4 | Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) Extract | 15 days of standardised lemon balm reduced anxiety symptoms by 18% and insomnia by 42% in adults with mild-to-moderate anxiety and sleep disturbance. | Read → |
| Attenuation of Laboratory-Induced Stress in Humans After Acute Administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) | Kennedy, D. O., Little, W., & Scholey, A. B. (2004). Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(4), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000132877.72833.71 | Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) Extract | Acute lemon balm significantly attenuated negative mood effects of a laboratory stress test and increased self-rated calmness. | Read → |
| Clinical efficacy and tolerability of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in psychological well-being: A review. | Mathews, I. M., Eastwood, J., Lamport, D. J., Cozannet, R. L., Fanca-Berthon, P., & Williams, C. M. (2024). Clinical efficacy and tolerability of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in psychological well-being: A review. Nutrients, 16(20), 3545. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203545 | Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) Extract | Review of clinical evidence concluded lemon balm has consistent calming and mood-supporting effects across trials, with a favourable tolerability profile. | Read → |
| Passiflora incarnata in neuropsychiatric disorders — A systematic review. | Janda, K., Wojtkowska, K., Jakubczyk, K., Antoniewicz, J., & Skonieczna-Żydecka, K. (2020). Passiflora incarnata in neuropsychiatric disorders — A systematic review. Nutrients, 12(12), 3894. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123894 | Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) Extract | Systematic review concluded passionflower has anxiolytic and sleep-promoting effects across clinical trials, with a favourable safety profile. | Read → |
| Effects of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study | Lee, J., Jung, H. Y., Lee, S. I., Choi, J. H., & Kim, S. G. (2020). Effects of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 35(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000291 | Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) Extract | Two weeks of passionflower significantly improved polysomnography-measured total sleep time and sleep efficiency in adults with insomnia disorder vs placebo. | Read → |
| Aqueous extract of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L.) improves sleep quality in man | Leathwood, P. D., Chauffard, F., Heck, E., & Munoz-Box, R. (1982). Aqueous extract of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L.) improves sleep quality in man. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 17(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(82)90264-7 | Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root Extract | Aqueous valerian root extract significantly reduced subjective sleep latency and improved sleep quality vs placebo. | Read → |
| The effects of valerian root on hot flashes in menopausal women | Mirabi, P., & Mojab, F. (2013). The effects of valerian root on hot flashes in menopausal women. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(1), 217–222. | Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root Extract | Valerian significantly reduced the severity and frequency of hot flashes in menopausal women vs placebo. | Read → |
| Valerian Root in Treating Sleep Problems and Associated Disorders—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | Shinjyo, N., Waddell, G., & Green, J. (2020). Valerian root in treating sleep problems and associated disorders — A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 25, 2515690X20967323. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X20967323 | Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root Extract | Meta-analysis of 60 RCTs concluded valerian significantly improves sleep quality and reduces anxiety-related sleep problems. | Read → |
| Effect of valerian on sleep quality in postmenopausal women | Taavoni, S., Ekbatani, N., Kashaniyan, M., & Haghani, H. (2011). Effect of valerian on sleep quality in postmenopausal women: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Menopause, 18(9), 951–955. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31820e9acf | Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root Extract | Valerian significantly improved sleep quality on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in postmenopausal women vs placebo. | Read → |
| Effect of repeated consumption of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on fecal characteristics and gut microbiota: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-group clinical trial | Yasukawa, Z., Inoue, R., Ozeki, M., Okubo, T., Takagi, T., Honda, A., & Naito, Y. (2019). Effect of repeated consumption of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on fecal characteristics and gut microbiota: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-group clinical trial. Nutrients, 11(9), 2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092170 | Sunfiber® Prebiotic Guar Gum Fibre | Daily Sunfiber® normalised stool form and significantly increased beneficial Bifidobacterium and butyrate-producing bacteria in healthy adults. | Read → |
| Prebiotic effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on the composition and function of the human microbiota — Results from the PAGODA trial | Reider, S. J., Moosmang, S., Tragust, J., Trgovec-Greif, L., Tragust, S., Perschy, L., Przysiecki, N., Sturm, S., Tilg, H., Stuppner, H., Rattei, T., & Moschen, A. R. (2020). Prebiotic effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on the composition and function of the human microbiota — Results from the PAGODA trial. Nutrients, 12(5), 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051257 | Sunfiber® Prebiotic Guar Gum Fibre | Partially hydrolyzed guar gum produced clear prebiotic shifts in microbiome composition and function in a placebo-controlled trial. | Read → |
| Effects of blackcurrant extract and partially hydrolyzed guar gum intake on gut dysbiosis in male university rugby players | Miura, H., Oda, M., Abe, K., Ikeda, H., Fujibayashi, M., Oda, N., Segawa, T., Abe, A., Ueta, N., Tsukahara, T., Takagi, T., Naito, Y., & Inoue, R. (2025). Effects of blackcurrant extract and partially hydrolyzed guar gum intake on gut dysbiosis in male university rugby players. Microorganisms, 13(7), 1561. | Sunfiber® Prebiotic Guar Gum Fibre | Sunfiber® combined with blackcurrant extract attenuated stress-related gut dysbiosis in athletes under heavy training load. | Read → |
| A natural mineral supplement provides relief from knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a randomized controlled pilot trial | Frestedt, J. L., Walsh, M., Kuskowski, M. A., & Zenk, J. L. (2008). A natural mineral supplement provides relief from knee osteoarthritis symptoms: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Nutrition Journal, 7, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-7-9 | Calcium (as Aquamin™ Calcium, Marine Algae Lithothamnion sp.) | Aquamin® supplementation reduced WOMAC pain and stiffness scores in adults with osteoarthritis vs placebo over 12 weeks. | Read → |
| Iron supplementation for unexplained fatigue in non-anaemic women: double blind randomised placebo controlled trial | Verdon, F., Burnand, B., Stubi, C. L., Bonard, C., Graff, M., Michaud, A., Bischoff, T., de Vevey, M., Studer, J. P., Herzig, L., Chapuis, C., Tissot, J., Pécoud, A., & Favrat, B. (2003). Iron supplementation for unexplained fatigue in non-anaemic women: Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ, 326(7399), 1124. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7399.1124 | Iron (as Ferrous Fumarate) | Iron supplementation significantly reduced fatigue scores in non-anaemic women with low ferritin compared with placebo. | Read → |
| Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to magnesium and electrolyte balance (ID 238), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 240, 247, 248), neurotransmission and muscle contraction including heart muscle (ID 241, 242), cell division (ID 365), maintenance of bone (ID 239), maintenance of teeth (ID 239), blood coagulation (ID 357) and protein synthesis (ID 364) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 | EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. EFSA Journal 2009;7(9):1216 | Magnesium (as Magnesium Citrate) | Following review of the evidence, magnesium is authorised in the European Union to carry the claims "contributes to normal muscle function", "contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system", "contributes to normal psychological function", "contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue", "contributes to electrolyte balance" and "contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism" | Read → |
| Effect of selenium supplementation on musculoskeletal health in older women: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Walsh, J. S., Jacques, R. M., Schomburg, L., Hill, T. R., Mathers, J. C., Williams, G. R., & Eastell, R. (2021). Effect of selenium supplementation on musculoskeletal health in older women: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Healthy Longevity, 2(4), e212–e221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00051-9 | Selenium (as Selenomethionine) | Six months of selenium supplementation significantly improved selenoprotein status in older women, with neutral effects on bone turnover. | Read → |
| Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function | Wessels, I., Maywald, M., & Rink, L. (2017). Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients, 9(12), 1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121286 | Zinc (as Amino Acid Chelate) | Comprehensive review describing Zinc's role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, with deficiency impairing immune cell function and inflammation control. | Read → |
| Dietary zinc acts as a sleep modulator | Cherasse, Y., & Urade, Y. (2017). Dietary zinc acts as a sleep modulator. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(11), 2334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112334 | Zinc (as Amino Acid Chelate) | Mechanistic review summarising preclinical and clinical evidence that dietary Zinc directly modulates non-REM sleep and overall sleep architecture. | Read → |
| EFSA assessment of biotin and maintenance of normal hair, skin and macronutrient metabolism | EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1728 | D-Biotin | Following review of the evidence, biotin is authorised in the European Union to carry the claims "contributes to the maintenance of normal hair", "contributes to the maintenance of normal skin", "contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes", "contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism", "contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism" and "contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system" | Read → |
| Scaglione F, Panzavolta G. Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing. Xenobiotica. 2014;44(5):480–488. doi:10.3109/00498254.2013.845705 | Scaglione F, Panzavolta G. Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing. Xenobiotica. 2014;44(5):480–488. doi:10.3109/00498254.2013.845705 | Folate (as L-Methylfolate Calcium) | This review distinguishes the three supplemental forms of folate (folic acid, folinic acid, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate) and makes the case for 5-MTHF as the preferable form. Because 5-MTHF is the metabolically active folate that enters circulation directly, it bypasses the multi-step enzymatic conversion that synthetic folic acid requires. The authors note that 5-MTHF has important advantages over synthetic folic acid, and may prevent potential negative effects of unconverted folic acid in the peripheral circulation. Practically, the form delivers three advantages: using 5-MTHF instead of folic acid reduces the potential for masking haematological symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, reduces interactions with drugs that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and overcomes metabolic defects caused by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism — the last point being the reason the active form reaches people whose MTHFR variants limit their ability to use folic acid. | Read → |
| Role of vitamin A in the immune system | Huang, Z., Liu, Y., Qi, G., Brand, D., & Zheng, S. G. (2018). Role of vitamin A in the immune system. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(9), 258. | Vitamin A (as Retinol Acetate) | Review of vitamin A’s role in immune regulation, demonstrating its essential function in T-cell differentiation, IgA production, and barrier immunity. | Read → |
| Vitamin A, infection, and immune function | Stephensen, C. B. (2001). Vitamin A, infection, and immune function. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21, 167–192. | Vitamin A (as Retinol Acetate) | Comprehensive review establishing that vitamin A deficiency impairs both innate and adaptive immune responses, increasing susceptibility to infection. | Read → |
| EFSA assessment of thiamine and normal energy metabolism and nervous system function | EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. EFSA Journal 2009;7(9):1222 | Vitamin B1 (as Thiamine Hydrochloride) | Following review of the evidence, thiamine is authorised in the European Union to carry the claims "contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism", "contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system", "contributes to normal psychological function" and "contributes to the normal function of the heart" | Read → |
| Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Recognition and Management | Langan RC, Goodbred AJ. Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Recognition and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(6):384–389 | Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) | Clinical review reporting B12 deficiency prevalence of approximately 6% under 60 and nearly 20% over 60, and noting that adults over 50 may absorb dietary B12 less efficiently. | Read → |
| EFSA assessment of riboflavin and normal energy metabolism, tiredness and oxidative stress | EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1814 | Vitamin B2 (as Riboflavin) | Following review of the evidence, riboflavin is authorised in the European Union to carry the claims "contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism", "contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue", "contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress", "contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system" and "contributes to the normal metabolism of iron" | Read → |
| Biochemical markers for assessment of niacin status in young men: urinary and blood levels of niacin metabolites | Jacob RA, Swendseid ME, McKee RW, Fu CS, Clemens RA. Biochemical markers for assessment of niacin status in young men: urinary and blood levels of niacin metabolites. Journal of Nutrition. 1989;119(4):591–598. doi:10.1093/jn/119.4.591. PMID: 2522982. | Vitamin B3 (as Niacinamide) | This study was conducted in men, but its finding applies directly to women. It measures the core relationship between how much niacin you consume and your body's niacin status, the NAD-pathway biochemistry that operates the same way in both sexes, and this is the very method used to establish the recommended niacin intake for women. Women's requirement is in fact set slightly lower than men's, so the adequacy this study demonstrates holds for the 14mg provided in our women's formulation. | Read → |
| Niacin Cures Systemic NAD⁺ Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy | Pirinen, E., Auranen, M., Khan, N. A., Brilhante, V., Urho, N., Pessia, A., Hakkarainen, A., Kuula, J., Heinonen, U., Schmidt, M. S., Haimilahti, K., Piirilä, P., Lundbom, N., Taskinen, M.-R., Brenner, C., Velagapudi, V., Pietiläinen, K. H., & Suomalainen, A. (2020). Niacin cures systemic NAD⁺ deficiency and improves muscle performance in adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy. Cell Metabolism, 31(6), 1078–1090.e5. | Vitamin B3 (as Niacinamide) | In a clinical study including healthy matched controls, oral niacin (a form of vitamin B3) raised NAD⁺ levels in the blood of both patients and healthy participants. This demonstrates in humans that dietary vitamin B3 is used by the body to maintain its NAD⁺ pool, the coenzyme central to cellular energy production. | Read → |
| Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code — Schedule 4: Nutrition, health and related claims | Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code — Schedule 4: Nutrition, health and related claims. Federal Register of Legislation (Cth). | Vitamin B3 (as Niacinamide) | Niacin is recognised in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code as necessary for normal energy release from food, and as contributing to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, to normal psychological function, and to normal structure and function of the skin, pre-approved health relationships permitted for foods that meet the relevant conditions. | Read → |
| EFSA (2009) — energy metabolism and hormone/neurotransmitter synthesis | EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to pantothenic acid and energy-yielding metabolism, mental performance, maintenance of bone/teeth/hair/skin/nails, and synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, vitamin D and some neurotransmitters. EFSA Journal 2009;7(9):1218. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1218 | Vitamin B5 (as D-Calcium Pantothenate) | A European Food Safety Authority review confirmed the evidence connecting pantothenic acid to normal energy metabolism and to the normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, vitamin D and some neurotransmitters. Steroid hormones include oestrogen and progesterone, which is why this vitamin's metabolic role is directly relevant to women's physiology. | Read → |
| EFSA (2010) — tiredness, fatigue and mental performance | EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to pantothenic acid and mental performance, reduction of tiredness and fatigue, adrenal function and maintenance of normal skin. EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1758. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1758 | Vitamin B5 (as D-Calcium Pantothenate) | A European Food Safety Authority review supported pantothenic acid's contribution to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue and to normal mental performance. These are two of the permitted functions that anchor its place in a daily formulation for women. | Read → |
| National Health and Medical Research Council. Nutrient Reference Values NZ/Australia | National Health and Medical Research Council. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand — Pantothenic acid. NHMRC / Australian Government Department of Health. | Vitamin B5 (as D-Calcium Pantothenate) | The AU/NZ reference body confirms pantothenic acid as a component of coenzyme A and phosphopantetheine, central to fatty acid metabolism and the synthesis of steroid hormones, vitamins A and D and neurotransmitters. | Read → |
| Evaluating the effect of magnesium and magnesium plus vitamin B6 supplement on the severity of premenstrual syndrome | Fathizadeh, N., Ebrahimi, E., Valiani, M., Tavakoli, N., & Yar, M. H. (2010). Evaluating the effect of magnesium and magnesium plus vitamin B6 supplement on the severity of premenstrual syndrome. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 15(Suppl 1), 401–405. | Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) | Combined magnesium + vitamin B6 reduced overall PMS severity more than magnesium alone in a placebo-controlled trial. | Read → |
| Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review | Wyatt, K. M., Dimmock, P. W., Jones, P. W., & O'Brien, P. M. (1999). Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. BMJ, 318(7195), 1375–1381. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7195.1375 | Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) | Systematic review of randomised trials reported that vitamin B6 was associated with a meaningful improvement in overall PMS and depressive symptoms relative to placebo. | Read → |
| Vitamin C and Immune Function | Carr, A. C., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211 | Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) | Comprehensive review concluding that adequate vitamin C intake supports innate and adaptive immune cell function and is required for collagen synthesis and antioxidant defence. | Read → |
| Calcium plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Fractures | Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Fractures. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354(7):669–683. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055218. PMID: 16481635. | Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol) | One of the largest clinical trials ever conducted in postmenopausal women provides direct evidence at this vitamin D dose. 36,282 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to 1,000 mg of calcium plus 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily or placebo, over an average of 7 years. Hip bone density was 1.06 percent higher in the calcium plus vitamin D group than in the placebo group (P<0.01), a small but statistically significant improvement. Because the trial was conducted entirely in postmenopausal women, the finding is directly applicable to women in mid-life and beyond, with no extrapolation from male data. The vitamin D was given alongside calcium, reflecting vitamin D3's central role: enabling the body to absorb and use dietary calcium. | Read → |
| Vitamin D3 + K2 (MK-7) combination — Kanellakis et al., 2012 | Kanellakis S, Moschonis G, Tenta R, Schaafsma A, van den Heuvel EGHM, Papaioannou N, Lyritis G, Manios Y. Changes in Parameters of Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women Following a 12-Month Intervention Period Using Dairy Products Enriched with Calcium, Vitamin D, and Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) or Menaquinone-7 (Vitamin K2): The Postmenopausal Health Study II. Calcified Tissue International. 2012;90(4):251–262. doi:10.1007/s00223-012-9571-z. PMID: 22392526. | Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol) | This 12-month randomized trial tested vitamin D3 at 10 µg (400 IU) together with vitamin K2 in the long-chain MK-7 form, in postmenopausal women. Participants received fortified dairy providing 800 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily, with two groups additionally receiving 100 µg of either vitamin K1 or menaquinone-7 (K2). Serum 25(OH)D, the marker of vitamin D status — rose significantly across all supplemented groups versus control, and serum IGF-I, a growth factor involved in bone maintenance, rose significantly in the MK-7 group. The two vitamin K groups showed more favourable changes in bone metabolism and bone-mass indices, reflected in suppressed bone-remodelling markers and more positive changes in lumbar-spine bone mineral density. Conducted in postmenopausal women, the results speak directly to bone health in this age group. | Read → |
| Investigating the Effects and Mechanisms of Combined Vitamin D and K Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: An Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies | Reference: Rusu ME, Bigman G, Ryan AS, Popa DS. Investigating the Effects and Mechanisms of Combined Vitamin D and K Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: An Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies. Nutrients. 2024;16(14):2356. doi:10.3390/nu16142356. PMID: 39064799. | Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol) | This 2024 review is the first to comprehensively synthesise the randomized-trial evidence for vitamin D and vitamin K taken together in postmenopausal women. Across 31 relevant randomized controlled trials, the authors concluded that combined intake of vitamins D and K may positively affect both cardiovascular and bone health in postmenopausal women, and recommended vitamin D and K supplementation to support healthy aging where diet alone falls short. It provides the broader evidence base for the rationale of pairing the two vitamins in women navigating menopause and beyond | Read → |
| A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea | Ziaei, S., Zakeri, M., & Kazemnejad, A. (2007). A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. BJOG, 114(2), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01142.x | Vitamin E (as D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) | Vitamin E supplementation significantly reduced the severity and duration of menstrual pain compared with placebo in a randomised trial. | Read → |
| Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women | Knapen, M. H. J., Drummen, N. E., Smit, E., Vermeer, C., & Theuwissen, E. (2013). Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 24(9), 2499–2507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2325-6 | Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone MK-7) | Three years of MK-7 supplementation significantly reduced bone loss at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in postmenopausal women in a placebo-controlled trial. | Read → |
| The Synergistic Interplay between Vitamins D and K for Bone and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review | van Ballegooijen, A. J., Pilz, S., Tomaschitz, A., Grübler, M. R., & Verheyen, N. (2017). The synergistic interplay between vitamins D and K for bone and cardiovascular health: A narrative review. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2017, 7454376. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7454376 | Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone MK-7) | Narrative review of clinical and mechanistic evidence on D3/K2 synergy for calcium handling, vascular health and bone metabolism. | Read → |
